The Upanishads The Upanishads represent the peak of ancient Indian philosophical thought, forming the final section of the Vedas (often called Vedanta, meaning “the end of the Vedas”). Written primarily between 800 and 500 BCE, these sacred texts mark a dramatic shift away from external ritual sacrifices toward internal meditation and self-inquiry. The word itself literally translates to “sitting down near” a teacher, evoking the atmosphere of dedicated students gathering around a...